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Odhad přesunu zisků po zavedení pravidel GloBE
Chrástová, Leona
The diploma thesis deals with the estimation of profit shifting after the in-troduction of GloBE rules. These rules, issued by the OECD, should ensure fairer taxation of the income of multinational companies and reduce base erosion and profit shifting. The aim of this work was to determinate changes in taxation of multinational corporations after the introduction of new rules for international taxation. To achieve the goal, the procedures described in Pillar 2 were applied to data from the Orbis database in the empirical part of this work. The empirical part also considered two assumptions for the collection of top-up tax, i.e. collection at the level of the jurisdiction of headquarter parent company and collection at the level of the jurisdiction of member entities. The results show that the OECD and EU jurisdictions could receive up to EUR 270 billion from this initiative. Large econo-mies such as the United States of America and Great Britain would receive the highest returns from this initiative. However, the largest percentage changes in tax revenues would be achieved by states known as tax havens, i.e. Luxembourg, Ireland and Latvia.
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Profit shifting of European banks: Evidence from Global Reporting Initiative data
Sůva, Daniel ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Pavlova, Alena (referee)
This thesis investigates the profit shifting practices of European banks using country-by-country reporting data. The main contribution is the first use of Global Reporting Initiative reports by hand-collecting a sample of six banks. The thesis estimates the banks' effective tax rates in two ways, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each method. Additionally, the study com- pares the economic activity, employees, and tangible assets in tax havens and estimates multiple models to estimate the amount of shifted profits into tax havens. The analysis finds no significant connection between the effective tax rate of jurisdiction and booked profits, which is in contrast to a large body of existing literature. It concludes that the sampled banks do not systematically use tax havens but confirms a positive relationship between a bank's size and its participation in profit shifting. The thesis also highlights the correlation between tax transparency and lower tax avoidance among the sampled banks, which is in line with the hypothesis that increased transparency can increase tax revenue.
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Daňové raje a dopady na štátny rozpočet
Bírošík, Roman
This diploma thesis deals with the erosion of the tax base and profit shifting to countries known as tax havens. It describes the techniques that allow use of tax havens and thus reduce tax liability. The empirical part of the thesis examines profit shifting of Czech multinational companies to tax havens through internal debt.
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Tax avoidance by multinational corporations: An empirical analysis based on firm-level data
Godar, Sarah ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Barrios, Salvador (referee) ; Lejour, Arjan (referee) ; Weichenrieder, Alfons (referee)
Tax avoidance by multinational corporations An empirical analysis based on firm-level data Author: Sarah Godar Abstract In this thesis, I use confidential firm-level data from the Microdatabase Direct Investment (MiDi database) provided by the Deutsche Bundesbank to analyze tax avoidance by German MNCs. While such data has frequently been used in tax-avoidance research, it has yet to be employed to derive macro-level estimates of tax avoidance by Germany-based MNCs. My MiDi-based research includes an estimation of the scale of profit shifting by German affiliates of foreign MNCs and related tax-revenue losses (Chapter 1), as well as an investigation of the tax-haven use and distribution of profits and economic activity of MNCs headquartered in Germany (Chapter 2). Finally, in collaboration with several co-authors, I investigate relatively new micro data on the global tax payments and activities of multinational corporations, voluntarily published by individual MNCs following the implementation of the new CbCR standard (Chapter 3). I employ different methodological approaches depending on the quality of the data and the research focus of each chapter. In the first chapter, I employ a standard microeconometric approach to identify profit- shifting and estimate the semi-elasticities of MNCs' profits with...
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Global distribution of revenue loss from corporate tax avoidance
Richtárová, Marie Anna ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Dubinina, Evgeniya (referee)
Existing empirical results suggest inequality of the global distribution of tax revenue loss resulting from tax avoidance techniques as base erosion and profit shifting to the detriment of developing countries. International Mon- etary Fund researchers conducted a pioneering study in this field in 2016 and introduced an innovative methodology to quantify the revenue impact. The aim of this thesis is firstly to re-estimate their model. Moreover, among other changes in the data, we exploit high-quality revenue data from the International Centre for Tax and Development-World Institute for Develop- ment Economics Research Government Revenue Database with an extended time range offering so more recent and accurate estimates of global revenue loss. Our findings suggest a slightly lower estimate of US$550 billion revenue loss globally. In terms of percent of the gross domestic product, the results indicate a less severe revenue loss compared to previous estimates. Follow- ing a previous re-estimation carried out by Cobham and Janský in 2018, we present updated loss estimates disaggregated for country income groups and regions. The results present further evidence of greater severity of rev- enue loss due to tax avoidance in low and lower-middle income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America & the...
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Tax avoidance by multinational corporations: evidence from new data
Vinogradov, Alex ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Palanský, Miroslav (referee)
The CbCR data published based on OECD's Action 13 of the 2015 Final Report represents the best macroeconomic CbCR dataset today. This thesis analyzes its second year of published data (2017), calculates historical ETRs and builds on top of the semi-elasticity model of profits with specifications successfully estimated on the 2016 data, with the use of OLS models, WLS models, which enabled the retention of the maximum amount of data and the unique use of Country Level Premium as a predictor proved itself as a better predictor than the alternative GDP per capita. The estimated semi-elasticity from the best model is then used to calculate the amount of shifted profits. JEL Classification B10, F01, F02, F15, F40, C21 Keywords BEPS, ETR, historical ETR, Country Risk Pre- mium Title Tax avoidance by multinational corporations: evidence from new data Abstrakt CbCR data jsou publikovaná v rámci akčniho bodu 13 Závěrečného reportu OECD a představují dnes ten nejlepší dataset ekonomickích dat, reportovaních po jednotlivích zemích. Tato diplomová práce analyzuje druhý ročnik techto data - pro rok 2017, spočitá efetivní daňovou míru a modeluje semi-elasticitu profitu pomocí OLS a poté WLS, terý umožni využít maximum pozorování z datasetu a zahrne riziková premia pro jednotlivé země jako preditor. Nejlepší...
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Misalignment of Profits and Economic Activity by Multinational Enterprises
Cimpová, Dominika ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Palanský, Miroslav (referee)
This thesis analyses the profit shifting behaviour of U.S. multinational companies using panel data set over the period 1983 - 2015. The main objective of the thesis is to com- pute the extent of misalignment between reported profit and real economic activity and consequential revenue losses caused by profit shifting and to estimate the effect of tax rates on profit shifting behaviour. Using country-level aggregated data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis I found a substantially increasing trend in the misaligned profit reaching 540 bn US$ in 2015 which is accompanied with tax revenue losses 190 bn US$ in missing profit countries. Majority of the misaligned profit is reported in a small number of jurisdictions with near zero tax rates such as Netherlands, Ireland and Luxem- bourg. Additionally, I found a significant negative effect of tax rate on misalignment in the recent years, however, only negligible effect at the beginning of the examined period. Results suggest that 1% increase in the statutory tax rate can cause 2.5% growth in the magnitude of misalignment. My findings are consistent with the existing literature. Ac- cording to the analysis it can be concluded that despite numerous attempts for prevention of profit shifting, it is becoming more serious problem than ever before.
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Determinants of the Demand for Tax Haven Operations: Empirical Evidence from the Czech Republic
Burianová, Markéta ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Švarcová, Natálie (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to explore the firm-specific determinants of the demand for tax haven operations by Czech firms. Our objective is to better understand the firms' incentives for tax haven use, and furthermore whether there exists cross-haven heterogeneity in those incentives. The thesis examines the firms' tax haven investment behaviour by analysing firm-level data for 15,530 Czech firms for year 2013. To the extent of our knowledge, this has been the first research of its kind devoted to Czech firms. The evidence suggests that larger, more profitable firms with larger international presence are most likely to use tax havens. The analysis also indicates that higher firm indebtedness is associated with greater likelihood of establishing tax haven operations. This would suggest Czech firms engage in profit shifting through the use of debt financing. Furthermore, service firms were found to be more likely to use tax havens than manufacturing firms. This contrasts with previous research where R&D intensity was a leading indicator of tax haven use. Additionally, we found significant cross-haven heterogeneity in the determinants, particularly in the sector-specific characteristics. In our sample, service firms favoured Cyprus and the Netherlands, while manufacturing firms preferred Luxembourg...
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Corruption, Tax Abuse, and Financial Secrecy
Palanský, Miroslav ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Riedel, Nadine (referee) ; Zucman, Gabriel (referee) ; Johannesen, Niels (referee)
Corruption, Tax Abuse, and Financial Secrecy PhD Dissertation, Miroslav Palanský, IES CUNI, 2020 Abstract This dissertation is composed of three papers that focus on different aspects of the relationship between the public sector and individuals who do not comply with the norms and regulations set by the government. I classify the ways in which individuals do so into two categories - corruption and tax abuse. Corruption, defined as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain, results in individuals obtaining more benefits from the public sector than is intended. Tax abuse, on the other hand, is defined as contributing less to the public sector than is intended. The last chapter of the dissertation focuses on financial secrecy, which I argue is the key facilitator of the two channels. In Chapter 2, I show that companies that donate money to Czech political parties subsequently report abnormally high profits, pointing to preferential treatment that these firms enjoy as a result of their political connections: I conservatively estimate that the connected firms outperform their non-connected but otherwise similar competitors by 8 to 12% following the establishment of the connection, which is a higher effect than found previously for more developed economies. Importantly, however, I find that the effect...
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International taxation and cross-border mergers and acquisition
Pokorný, Josef ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Baxa, Jaromír (referee)
This thesis studies the effects of differences in the international tax system on the location of target companies and potential tax savings leading from international transactions. Using a large sample of M&A transaction data, we develop a target location choice model and estimate it by a multinomial logistic regression. The results show that differences in taxation of target and acquirer country provide opportunities for tax optimization practices that increase the probability of choosing a target location with higher tax difference. We further evaluate these effect using regression on takeover premium which shows that 1 percentage point increase in difference of effective average tax rate may cause up to 0.5 percentage point increase in takeover premium. The found effects are heterogenous for individual companies and correspond to characteristics of tax-inversions and profit shifting practices. i
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